自我剽竊（Self-plagiarism）[1]，又名“再循環(huán)欺騙”（recycling fraud）[2]，是指重復(fù)使用作者自己作品中重要的、相同的或近乎相同的部分

內(nèi)容而沒有告知這樣做或沒有引用原文獻。這類文章通常被認為是復(fù)制品（duplicate）或重復(fù)發(fā)表（multiple publication）。就學(xué)術(shù)倫理而言，如

果被復(fù)制的先前作品的版權(quán)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他出版機構(gòu)，這樣做是違法的。通常，自我剽竊只被視作嚴重的學(xué)術(shù)道德問題，因為這些復(fù)制的作品也常被

作者宣稱為新的“成果”，如學(xué)術(shù)出版領(lǐng)域的論文成果和教學(xué)方面的成果[1,2]。但這種情況除法律意義以外，不適用于公共興趣的文本，如通常發(fā)表

在報紙或通俗雜志上的關(guān)于社會、行業(yè)和文化方面的見解。還有，如學(xué)術(shù)成果發(fā)表在專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)期刊之后再改寫為新聞稿發(fā)表在報紙等大眾媒體也不算

作自我剽竊。有了這種認知的背景，就不難理解為什么經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)某人的一篇文章重復(fù)發(fā)表在多家報章雜志或被轉(zhuǎn)載若干次，也沒有人譴責(zé)其重復(fù)發(fā)表

或一稿多發(fā)了。
在學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域，自我剽竊，是指作者在后續(xù)出版物中重復(fù)使用他們自己已經(jīng)發(fā)表的或已有版權(quán)的作品，但又沒有引用前面的出版物[3]。判定自我剽竊往

往很難，因為有限的重復(fù)使用材料不論在法律上（如“合理使用[fair use]”）還是倫理上都是可接受的。
有人辯稱，自我剽竊術(shù)語自相矛盾，站不住腳[4]。因為根據(jù)剽竊的定義，主要指使用他人的作品，而不是自己的。Stephanie J. Bird[5]就認為，“

自我剽竊”術(shù)語是一個使用不當?shù)拿Q。但是，該詞語用于指潛在不道德發(fā)表的特定形式。Stephanie J. Bird將“兩次或多次冗余發(fā)表”（"dual or

redundant publication"）這種道德問題判定為“自我抄襲”。在教育領(lǐng)域，自我剽竊還用于指學(xué)生提交同一篇文章去騙取兩門或以上課程的學(xué)分。

David B. Resnik認為，自我剽竊只涉及學(xué)術(shù)不誠實，但不涉及知識盜竊[6]。
Roig提出一種有用的分類系統(tǒng)，認為自我剽竊主要包括4種類型[7]：在不同的期刊重復(fù)發(fā)表同一篇文章；把同一個研究分割為多篇文章發(fā)表，通常稱

為“切香腸”；文本再循環(huán)利用；版權(quán)侵犯。

[參考文獻]
 
[1] 維基百科. Plagiarism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism
[2] http://faculty.law.lsu.edu/stuartgreen/pdf/j-green2.pdf Stuart Green
[3] Hexham, I. (2005). "Academic Plagiarism Defined".http://www.ucalgary.ca/~hexham/study/plag.html.
[4] Broome, Marion E. (2004). "Self-plagiarism: oxymoron, fair use, or scientific misconduct?" Nursing Outlook, Vol. 52 (6),

November, pp.273-274. 
[5] Self-plagiarism and Dual and Redundant Publications: What Is the Problem?http://www.springerlink.com/content/w4r30223m162h804/
[6] See Resnik, David B. (1998). The Ethics of Science: an introduction, London: Routledge. p.177, notes to chapter six, note 3.

Online via Google Books
[7] Roig, M. (2005). Re-using text from one’s own previously published papers: An exploratory study of potential self-plagiarism.

Psychological Reports, 97, 43-49.

關(guān)于Self-plagiarism的其他定義

1．Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) defines “self-plagiarism” as the verbatim or near-verbatim reuse of significant

portions of one's own copyrighted work without citing the original source.
（See Collberg and Kobourov, http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1053291.1053293）

美國計算機協(xié)會對自我剽竊的定義為：逐字逐句或近似逐字逐句的再利用自己已取得版權(quán)作品的部分重要內(nèi)容而又沒有引用原文獻。

2．As Hexam (1999) points out, it is possible to steal from oneself as when one engages in embezzlement or insurance fraud. In

writing, self-plagiarism occurs when authors reuse their own previously written work or data in a ‘new’ written product without

letting the reader know that this material has appeared elsewhere. According to Hexam, “… the essence of self-plagiarism is

[that] the author attempts to deceive the reader”.

在寫作中，自我剽竊發(fā)生在當作者在新的作品中重復(fù)利用他們以前的作品或數(shù)據(jù)，且沒有告知作者這些材料已經(jīng)發(fā)表在其他地方。根據(jù)Hexam的定義，

“自我剽竊的實質(zhì)就是作者試圖欺騙讀者”。

3．“Typically, self-plagiarism refers to the reusing of old writing in new works. For example, an author reusing passages in a new

book or a scientist rehashing previously published research as if it were brand new. I’m not sure what the name for this type of

problem is, I’ve heard it referred to as “shotgun submissions” or “duplicate submissions” but not really self plagiarism.”

自我剽竊是指在新作品中重復(fù)再利用老作品。

4．The most common method of self-plagiarism is text reuse or text recycling, defined as the reuse of one's previously published

work that includes “almost identical methodology, literature reviews, discussions, and other similar or identical textual material

”.
　　Source: Roig M. Re-using text from one’s own previously published papers: an exploratory study of potential self-plagiarism.

Psychol Rep 2005;97:43–49.

自我剽竊最常用的方法是文本再利用或文本循環(huán)利用，被定義為重復(fù)利用以前已發(fā)表的作品，包括“幾乎相同的方法、文獻綜述、討論和其他類似或

相同的文本材料”。

5．Self-plagiarism involves copying from one's own work without proper attribution.

自我剽竊涉及復(fù)制自己的作品而沒有正確注明出處。

6．Essentially, self-plagiarism is duplication, it's a kind of cheating.

本質(zhì)上看，自我剽竊就是重復(fù)發(fā)表，是一種欺騙行為。

7．Self-plagiarism occurs when an author reuses portions of their previous writings in subsequent research papers.

自我剽竊發(fā)生在后續(xù)的研究論文中重復(fù)利用以前作品的部分內(nèi)容。

8．Self-plagiarism is when an author reuses portions of his or her previous writings in subsequent research papers.

自我剽竊就是作者在后續(xù)文章中重復(fù)再利用其以前的作品中的部分內(nèi)容。

其他文獻：
 
Stepchyshyn, Vera; Robert S. Nelson (2007). Library plagiarism policies. Assoc of College & Resrch Libraries. p. 65. ISBN

0838984169. 

Klein A. (June 8, 2007). "Opinion: Why Do They Do It?". The New York Sun.http://www.nysun.com/article/56158. Retrieved 2007-12-11.

Hart, M.; Friesner, Tim (December 15, 2004), research Plagiarism and Poor Academic Practice – A Threat to the Extension of e-

Learning in Higher Education?, Electronic Journal of E-Learning,http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art25.htm

research, retrieved 2007-12-11 

Kock, N. (1999). A case of academic plagiarism. Communications of the ACM, 42(7), 96-104.

Kock, N., & Davison, R. (2003). Dealing with plagiarism in the IS research community: A look at factors that drive plagiarism and

ways to address them. MIS Quarterly, 27(4), 511-532.

Clarke, R. (2006). Plagiarism by academics: More complex than it seems. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 7(2),

91-121.

List of cases of plagiarism among journalists

Authorship gets lost on Web. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-31-net-plagiarism_x.htm?POE=TECISVA

Online plagiarism strikes blog world.http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2006/05/08/online_plagiarism_strikes_blog_world/ 

http://news.com.com/8301-10784_3-5663303-7.html,http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2005/08/30/copyscape-searches-for-scraped-

content 
http://faculty.law.lsu.edu/stuartgreen/pdf/j-green2.pdf

Stuart Green See for example Dellavalle, Robert P., Banks, Marcus A. and Ellis, Jeffrey I. (2007). "Frequently asked questions

regarding self-plagiarism: How to avoid recycling fraud." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Vol. 57 (3), September,

pp.527. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071

See Allow me to rephrase, and boost my tally of articles, by Rebecca Attwood, Times Higher Education Supplement, 3 July 2008

Hexham, I. (2005). "Academic Plagiarism Defined".http://www.ucalgary.ca/~hexham/study/plag.html. 

Samuelson, P. (1994). "Self-Plagiarism or Fair Use?" Communications of the ACM, 37(August): 21-25.

Broome, Marion E. (2004). "Self-plagiarism: oxymoron, fair use, or scientific misconduct?" Nursing Outlook, Vol. 52 (6), November,

pp.273-274. [3] 
http://www.springerlink.com/content/w4r30223m162h804/

Self-plagiarism and Dual and Redundant Publications: What Is the Problem? 
See Resnik, David B. (1998). The Ethics of Science: an introduction, London: Routledge. p.177, notes to chapter six, note 3. Online

via Google Books

Scanlon, Patrick M. (2007). "Song from myself: an anatomy of self-plagiarism." Plagiary: cross-disciplinary studies in plagiarism,

fabrication and falsification, Vol. 2 (1), pp.1-11 
[http://palgrave-journals.com/jibs/jibs_ethics_code.html JIBS Code of Ethics

"ACM Policy and Procedures on Plagiarism". October 2006.http://www.acm.org/publications/policies/plagiarism_policy.  
American Political Science Association, [4] Section 21.1 American Society for Public Administration,

[www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/index_codeofethics.cfm]

"Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct". American Historical Association. 2005-01-06.

http://www.historians.org/PUBS/Free/ProfessionalStandards.cfm. Retrieved 2009-04-16.